Between 1990 to 1997 two YF-22A prototypes evaluated some of the technologies proposed for the production ATF. The F-22's configuration is designed to meet VLO criteria, key features including a trapezoidal wing whose angles are repeated on other surfaces to reduce radar signature, canted fins and internal weapons carriage. The core of the offensive avionics is provided by the APG-77 multi-mode radar and a side-mounted phased-array radar. The highly integrated avionics systems also include a data-link, inertial navigation system with embedded GPS for high-accuracy navigation, and advanced electronic warfare, warning and countermeasures systems. Two central computers manage the automatic switching of the sensors between completely passive and wholly active operation, according to the tactical situation. Artificial intelligence algorithms fuse data from the sensors and present only relevant information to the pilot to reduce workload while at the same time improving tactical awareness. The datalink allows tactical information to be shared with other F-22s. The F119 engines high military power rating allow the F-22 to supercruise over long ranges while thrust-vectoring nozzles, combined with a triplex fly-by-wire flight control system, make it exceptionally agile.

The EMD contract issued in August 1991 called for 11 (later reduced to nine) F-22s; two were planned as F-22B two-seaters, but this aspect of the programme was cancelled in 1996 as a cost-saving measure. The first EMD F-22A made the type's maiden flight in 1997. By early 2001 the four available EMD aircraft had demonstrated the type's excellent capabilities. However, the US Congress called into question the value of such a costly, high-profile programme. Low-rate initial production of the F-22 was finally approved subject to compliance with stringent objectives. Currently USAF operates approximately 70 F-22 fighters.